Sunday, January 19, 2020
Diet Pills Essay -- Diet Health Weight Loss Drugs Essays Papers
Every day people are becoming more and more concerned with their health and their appearance. Thanks to scientific research there are many remedies to improve the human body. As far as weight loss there is exercise, diets, pills, and different surgical procedures. Diet pills have become a very popular supplement to assist in weight loss, but with diet pills come many questions; are they safe, do they really work, and mainly if they are a good product or not. In order to know whether or not something a quality product, is to know how it works. The ingredients are very important and unfortunately not every diet pill has the same ingredients. There are multiple types of pills, with different effects, and conditions. There are three popular types of pills. There are appetite suppressors, metabolism regulators, and fat absorbing pills. Combining these effects into one pill with the correct usage creates positive results. The appetite suppressors help reduce over eating and help people make healthier choices of what to eat. Normally when someone is really hungry they do not care what they eat as long as it is a lot. By controlling a personââ¬â¢s hunger, diet pills effect a personââ¬â¢s eating habits. So they help people make better choices on what to eat and how much. The way that diet pills help control hunger is by fooling the brain into thinking it is full. The brain needs a lot of energy to function and the brain gets that energy from sugar. When the blood sugar level is too low the body reacts by sending a signal to raise the blood sugar level by creating hunger. Some diet pills use a combination of amino acids and polysaccharides to supply the brain with unique intermediate metabolites, which are chemical compounds t... ...e to a gain of tolerance in the pills. I have just begun using diet pills myself a couple weeks ago. The supplement that I chose is an appetite suppressant as well as a metabolism booster. It has been my experience so far that the appetite suppressant is very effective. I am hardly hungry and find myself reminding myself to eat or just eating out of habit. Which is really surprising because usually I canââ¬â¢t get enough of food. I have also been exercising about three to four times a week and eating healthier. I have noticed that I have already begun to lose a little bit of weight. The only side effect that has come to my attention is that shortly after taking the pills I find myself burping a little. I not quite sure what causes that effect. So if used properly, diet pills is a good product to get results. Just make sure the effects are well known and safe.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Function of Education Essay
1. The definition of Education Education is defined as the process of educating and learning, which involves the teacher and the student. The teacher will convey the message to the student, and the student will try to understand and applying what is being taught. Educate is further defined as to develop knowledge, skill and the character of somebody. Educate is also to give someone information about a particular subject, or to show them a better way to do something. Knowledge is the information that we are going to instill and give out. We can see the importance of education in the terms of someoneââ¬â¢s development. 2. Function of Education 2. 1. Education as Continuation Process The process of education begins in the cradle and continues throughout the life. When people live, they continually grow and develop. In going through all the developments, they have this ongoing education. They are being introduced by new skills and knowledge from time to time. The education can be formal, where it requires us to attend school or institutions for lectures. This is where we learn about particular subjects like Languages, Science and Mathematics. Informal education can be something that is being taught at home or from our own experience. As we grow up, the thing that we learn will become more complex and complicated. For instance, we are taught of basic skills of mathematics when we are in primary school, then we are in secondary school, another new complex formula is introduced to us. We are expected to grasp more when we are maturing. This process persists throughout their lifetime. As we go along, we learn and apply more and more knowledge. We also learn many new things when we encounter every stages of our life. For example, when are already an adult, we got married and have children. This can only be experienced when you are fully grown, not when you are a baby or a mere child. 2. 2. Education as Moral Development Tools Moral development means the expanding and improvement of someoneââ¬â¢s manner, character and proper behaviour. This entails the development in someoneââ¬â¢s physical, spirit, mentality and believes. Here education acts as a tool where it helps to inculcate the sense of morality in the society. Education is not just about imparting the information, but it is also intended to show someone of which is right and which is wrong. For example, we introduced to the people about the code of dressing ethics. This ethics demands them to follow the rule of clothing. Here in Malaysia, moral development is implemented through the subject like Islamic Education and Moral Education. Education helps in imbibing moral and ethical values in the individuals and their education, in turn, helps in the creation of a healthy society that bears a deep understanding of principles and the philosophy of life. Having a high morality is paramount in a society for it deters somebody from immoral and bad doings like cheating and being not responsible. 2. 3 Education as Integrated Indicative. Education indicates the integrity in education as it comprises all the elements of oneââ¬â¢s development. It entails the improvement on the physical, emotional, spiritual, skills (psychomotor), mental (coordinative), and behaviour. Education helps an individual to thrive in society, to interact with other social animals and helps a person attain and maintain a certain degree of social well-being. The abilities of an individual as a part of society is an apparent result of social development, which can only make realize by the means of education. In school or college, we are taught holistically. The learning processes donââ¬â¢t only occur in class, but also outside there. Students are exposed with clubs and sports activities, which help in brushing up their leadership skills and suchlike. Learning is also be made practical, as theories only never enough. Our syllabi also show the sense of integration from the subjects taught in school. We learn languages such as Malay, English, Mandarin, Tamil and many more but at the same time, we include the logics learning, like Science and Mathematics. As for spiritual enhancement, subjects like Islamic Studies and Moral Studies are also included. We can see that the studies not only focus only one part. In fact, it is thorough and complete for the intelligence must go along with good morals and believes. An integrated education is one that encourages students to seek connections between different ways of knowing and being in the world, between different forms of knowledge, and between new knowledge and that which preceded it. In order to provide an integrated educational experience, we must offer a curriculum and other learning experiences whose content and pattern combine the acquisition and creation of knowledge with the quest for meaning and purpose. 2. 4. Education as Practices Process Education occurs continuously and as it goes, we learn something repeatedly, many times in our life. It depends on oneââ¬â¢s ability, to catch what is taught. Some may take their time in grasping the information, and some may get it quickly. Usually, people canââ¬â¢t easily understand something at first, but they keep learning and practicing, and in the end, they manage to understand that something. This process of repeating in learning is what we call as practice ââ¬â you keep doing it until you are finally good at it. Take for instance the case of reading. We started off with the basic, knowing all the 24 alphabets in ABC. Then, after we get all that, we move on to two-syllable words and suchlike. We donââ¬â¢t get to read so easily. There are processes to be gone through which need a lot of practices. Education provides practices in certain areas of studies like medicine and teaching. They have this practical part in which they need to apply those theories they have learnt. Taking education is also to bring about progress in practical fields to enable each educated individual of society to earn a living. Education of the various practical fields produces productive human resources, who can contribute to the creation of wealth for a country. While the people earn for their work, they are also creating something for their organization to make money on. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, education is very crucial in our life, especially in the sense of development. All these developments like social, economic and attitude in every individual are responsible for the cultivation of civilized society. Education is mainly intended for the want to generate high quality, educated, skilled, and capable citizens. Knowledge and information are imparted so that a person and the society can live a good life. Not only in the sense of physical, but also in terms of spiritual and good morals. Education is the key of success throughout oneââ¬â¢s life. References Abdul Rahman Ariff, Zakarie Kasa, 2002. Falsafah dan Konsep Pendidikan Edisi Kedua. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Annad, J. B. 1977. Education for Self-Discovery. Britain: Houder and Stoughton. Hirsch, E. D. Jr, 1987. Cultural Literacy. England, UK: Houghton Miffin Mok Soon Sang, 2003. An Education Coursefor K. P. L. I Theme 1, 1st Edition, Subang Jaya: Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd. Muhammad Shamsul Huq, 1976. Education, Manpower and Development in South and South East Asia. India: Praeger Publisher. Sufean Hussin, 1996. Pendidikan di Malaysia: Sejarah, Sistem dan Falsafah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dr. Tajul Ariffin Noordin. ââ¬Å"Pengamalan Prinsip Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan menyekat Pemikiran Liberalâ⬠. Pendidik Isu 67. Disember 2009:60-62 Prof. Dr. Sidek Baba. ââ¬Å"Pemahaman dalam Menerima Ilmu Lahir Insan Ihsanâ⬠. Pendidik Isu 67. Disember 2009:58-59 Integrated Education, http://www. scu. edu/strategicplan/2001/integrated. cfm Practical Education, http://chestofbooks. com/crafts/scientific-american/sup5/Practical-Education. html Purpose of edu, http://www. teachersmind. com/pdfdirectory/Education. PDF http://quadium. net/school/purpose_education. html http://www. buzzle. com/articles/beliefs-about-the-purpose-of-education. html Morality, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_development#Psychological_perspectives Moral development, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_development.
Friday, January 3, 2020
Chemistry Mnemonic Devices for Elements
A mnemonic (pronounced ne MON ik) is one useful way to remember a list. This chemistry mnemonic is a phrase, consisting of words made using the symbols of the first nine elements in the periodic table. Happy Henry Likes Beer But Could Not Obtain Food for: H - hydrogen He - helium Li - lithium Be - beryllium B - boron C - carbon N - nitrogen O - oxygen F - fluorine More Chemistry Mnemonics for Periodic Table Element Symbols Of course, there are many more mnemonic devices you can use to help remember the element symbols. Here are a few more. Keep in mind, youll remember the element symbols best if you pick (or write) a mnemonic that you find funny or memorable. Some chemistry mnemonics cover the elements through neon, while several continue on to calcium. Happy Harry Listens B B C Network Over France Nevertheless Nothing More Arose So Peter Stopped Cleaning Airgun K Ca.Happy Henry Likes Beer But Could Not Obtain Four Nuts.Naughty Magpies Always Sing Perfect Songs Clawing Ants.Harry Helped Little Benny Balmer Carry Neat Oranges From Neptunes Natural Menagerie Always Singing Polite Sonnets Clearly Arf Key Casually.Harry Helps Little Betty Brown Crack Nuts On Friday Nights.Ha. Healthy Little Beggar Boys Catching Newts Or Fish.Hell, Here Little Beatniks Brandish Countless Number Of Flick kNives.Nagging Maggie Always Sighs, Please Stop Clowning Around.Here He Lies Beneath Bed Clothes, Nothing On, Feeling Nervous.Naughty Margaret Always Sighs, Please Stop Clowning Around.Hi He Lied Because Boron Could Not Oxidize Fluorine. New Nations Might Also Sign Peace Security Clause. Arthur King Can. (elements up to calcium)Hi! Hey Little Ben Became Charlieââ¬â¢s Number One Fighting Nemesis.Native Magpies Always Sit Peacefully Searching Clear Areas .Hi! He Lies Because Boron CanNot Oxidize Fluorine. Necromantic Nato Mg (abbreviation for make good) All Silicon Ports. Superman Clean Argons K-Capture.Hi Hello Little Beryll Brown Cracking Nuts On Friday.Nellies Naughty Magpie Always Sings Pop Songs ClearlyAfter Killing Cathy.
Thursday, December 26, 2019
The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allen Poe - 1282 Words
In Edgar Allen Poeââ¬â¢s short story, the cask of Amontillado, many readers take the words of the characters at face value. This story is designed and presented in a very different manner and most of the people are not ready to accept the facts that are presented in the story. Due to the structure complex structure of the story many other people explain the thoughts of the story in a very critical way. The main purpose of this paper is to see and analyze the critical reviews of how Frederic Jameson would analyze it. Most of the critical views presented in this story are up to the mark, but most of them are considered very effective and true. As for Frederic Jameson in regards to the Edgar Allen Poe story titled; the Cask of Amontillado.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The only thing that is revealed in the story is the plot of revenge towards Fortunato by the narrator. The narrator presents the following statement in regards to the argument, for example, ââ¬Å"I must punish, but pu nish with impunity. (218)â⬠This means that the sins that the victim committed goes on unaddressed based on his deep desire, and carefully cut out plan to execute his revenge on his perpetrator. In this story, the victim ensures that his plan is full proof in and nobody knows the events that took place on that fateful night until he decides to reveal what took place fifty years ago (Poe 15). He does this by charming his victim based on his expertise in relation to wines that were deemed to be of high class, thus the name, ââ¬Å"The Cask of Amontillado.â⬠He had selected a day that would be of festivities and even released his servants so that there would be no witnesses. He had then laid a trap at his house chambers whereby he enclosed his victim and left him to die. The victim as he is about to be enclosed realizes that this was all a plot along in order to trap him at the house chambers. Jameson uses this story and the way the plot of execution was carried out to perfection in order to show Poeââ¬â¢s skills in terms of fulfilling his analytics, carrying out his puzzle-solving abilities and execution of Montresorââ¬â¢s plot in terms of rationality that Poe seemed to value in his books. At the end, when
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
A Report On Going Green Essay - 1600 Words
Going green also means supporting your local independently owned and operated businesses in your area. I m a firm believer in frequenting our local coffee shops, especially when it comes to supporting all the other businesses that feed these stores-like the local pastry chef who supplies the baked goods, the local musicians who garner a little extra income from playing these venues, or the local authors who show up to do book signings and readings. I fall into the last category and have been fortunate to meet and greet the public on several occasions at the local coffee houses in Annapolis. Thank you independent coffee shop owners! City Dock Coffee Located near the town docks (thus the name!) in historic downtown Annapolis, City Dock Coffee is a favorite with locals and tourists alike. There is a European coffee house vibe to City Dock Coffee, where cafà © tables are situated in the front of the store and along the sidewalk outside, weather permitting. The interior is a little dar k, but after all, it is located in an historic building where natural light is limited. City Dock also sells books; the walls around the perimeter are lined with bookshelves and there are several book racks in the back of the store. There s a section that highlights local authors or books that feature nautical topics. The staff is friendly and knowledgeable, typically remembering your favorite drink from past visits, or recommending excellent choices of new brews. Of course they offer all theShow MoreRelatedGoing Green1405 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"GOING GREENâ⬠Number of Words: 1288 CONTENT 1. Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 3 2. ââ¬Å"Going Greenâ⬠4 2.1. Description 4 2.2. Happenings 4 3. Hotelââ¬â¢s standpoint 5 3.1. ââ¬Å"Going Greenâ⬠in the Hospitality Industry 5 3.2. ââ¬Å"LEEDâ⬠Certificate 5 3.3. Examples of Change 5 4. Acting 7 4.1 Advantages 7 4.2 Disadvantages 7 5. Conclusionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 8 6. Reference Listâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦.. 9 6.1 Internetâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦9 Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Going Green662 Words à |à 3 Pagesï » ¿ Advantages Challenges of Going Green for a Company Introduction Many companies are either thinking about instituting green strategies and technologies, or have already put some of those environmentally responsible technologies and strategies in place. This paper reviews some of the advantages and challenges of going green. Challenges There are reasons for companies to be cautious and do the research before launching a program that includes green technologies and practices. The small businessRead MoreBenefits Of Supply Chains Going Green1388 Words à |à 6 Pageschains going green has become a bone of contention among major stakeholders in the industry. The discussion started after the Carbon disclosure project released a report indicating that supply chains contributed greatly to the emission of carbon in the atmosphere. Due to the report, pressure has been mounting on the administration of supply chains to implement strategies on their carbon management. Analysts have however stated that there are various pros and cons of the supply chains going green, whichRead MoreGoing Green And Global Solutions Management1255 Words à |à 6 Pages Going Green Key to the Cleaner Future Saurabh Gurung 8-25-2015 E227 Global Solutions MEMORANDUM To: Division Manager Anne Brown and Global Solutions Management From: Saurabh Gurung Date: Aug 25, 2015 Subject: Going green ââ¬Å"Key to the cleaner futureâ⬠Dear Annie Brown, This is the report regarding to the going green program to reduce Carbon Footprint requested by Global Solutions. I have attached the report which goesRead MoreResearch Reports And Annual Reports From Auxiliary Sources Essay1620 Words à |à 7 PagesDiscussion Research reports and annual reports from auxiliary sources have been thought seriously about while gathering information. The systems utilized amid the information investigation phase of the research task included enlightening insights, for example, mean, standard deviation and extent, recurrence appropriations and rates, Michael Blanding in 2011 spoke to certain disturbing actualities on CSR and corporate sustainability responsibility execution. He said that organizations are currentlyRead MoreEssay on Environmental Impact of Green Companies1112 Words à |à 5 PagesThere are many companies out there that claim to be ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠. But are they really and how much impact does it have on the environment? Labels such as ââ¬Å"organicâ⬠, ââ¬Å"biodegradableâ⬠, ââ¬Å"earth-friendlyâ⬠, vegan and ââ¬Å"Fair Tradeâ⬠are everywhere in todayââ¬â¢s market. These labels are marketing tools used to influence consumers. Greenwashing is defined as ââ¬Å"The dissemination of misleading information by an organization to conceal its abuse of the environment in order to present a positive public image â⬠and ââ¬Å"superficialRead MoreThe Most Commonly Used Definition Of Sustainable Development1446 Words à |à 6 PagesThe most commonly used definition of sustainable development is still that given in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), i.e. sustainable development is ââ¬Ëa process to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.ââ¬â¢ Sustainable development is therefore about creating a better life for all people in ways that will be as viable in the future as they are at present. In other words, sustainable developmentRead MoreThe Rail Line Extension Of The Metro Bus System1579 Words à |à 7 Pageshas been a Green Line extension from St. Paul to Minneapolis. The original Blue Line provid ed 10.6 million rides as of last year and the Green Line has provided 12.4 million rides. Both lines have contributed to the decrease to the overall ridership of the Metro bus system. Due to the success of the Minneapolis light rail system there has been plans to expand it even further. In May 2010, a southwest Green Line extension was finally approved. The southwest light rail would extend the green line fourteenRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Kellogg Company1654 Words à |à 7 Pagescorporations, which are Wuhan Frealth, Arla, Danone and so on (Labreport, 2008). The local alliances offer Mengniu with the opportunities to build a capillary distribution network and help the company be the sole supplier for Starbucks (a pioneer in the green marketing area) outlets within the China. The international partnership helped Mengniu enter the overseas market and learnt many advanced methods on reducing the carbon emissions during the transportation. Kelloggââ¬â¢s case study Introduction KelloggRead MoreThe Business Roundtable Institute For Corporate Ethics1572 Words à |à 7 Pagesnot very prone to recycle, composting, and reducing waste. As you can tell, there are many companies that partake in greenwashing. This method definitely is not the right way to function a business. Lying about how you run your business and how ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠and environmentally conscious your business is, could lead to your demise and cause your business to diminish. When a company does the greenwashing method and then precedes to get caught, it gives a bad name to that certain company like the ones above
Monday, December 9, 2019
Interviewing My Roommate Essay Example For Students
Interviewing My Roommate Essay I have recently interviewed one of my roommate, who has been immigrated to United States few years ago. His name is Jageun Lee. He is from South Korea and primary language is Korean. By interviewing him, I found out that lot of information about Korean culture and how it works. Lee has been in United States for about four years ago. His family is staying in Denver and himself is in station in Fort Carson, Colorado Springs. Lee mention how it was journey to become where he was right now. Military have provide the financial needs and citizenship problem he faced because he was not the citizen of America. His family have moved out from the Korea to have better living. The quality of life was not that bad, however they wanted a turnover in their life, to live in the United States of America. Since they thought America was consider as number one well off country, which is the reason why they picked to move to states. When they first moved to Denver, they were lost because they could not speak English. They knew some English, words and sentence but was not able to communicate with other people. Leeââ¬â¢s family have settle down in the Aurora, Korean populated county, to reduce the hardship of language barrier. Lee mentioned some of the favorite Korean food that he could not find in Denver area. First food that he misses is the Korean street food. Street food includes, ddokbo-kki, teekim, juan, dakgoochi, and hodduk. He said these foods can be found anywhere at night. They were affordable price and very delicious that he could not forget about how it taste. Another thing he miss is the Korean culture. He mention Korean culture is very polite and respect the elders, where in the United States everyone one can be ââ¬Å"friendâ⬠. It was very difficult for him to consider elder as friend, which was not allow in Korean culture. Difference in both culture he found was that, in English the words that was used to speak was also same for everyone. In Korea, the words they use are different from the elders and everyone else. This made him stutter when he speak in English because he did not know if he was able to use the words that he knew. When Leeââ¬â¢s family moved to Denver, they also faced financial struggle. When they first got here, they started a cigarette business in the neighborhood. However within a year, the business went bankrupt. With holding financial hardship, they started another business called ââ¬Å"Check into Cashâ⬠. However in about two years, this business also went to bankrupt due to fraud checks they have checked in. Now both parents are working in a part time job in restaurant. Also his sister is working in part time job to support her family. Financial issue was a huge problem they had to overcome. Luckily, Lee have joined a military two years ago, which have helped out the family a lot, money and resident issues. His family is not settle in the Denver, where they do not have to face these issues no more. Leeââ¬â¢s family have went through long journey to get to the point where they are standing. They said they do not regret the past choice they made and they would definitely move again to United States if they had a chance. Overall, I learned many fact about Korean culture and how people goes through hardship in their life. I am Korean but I was raise in the California, so I did not have that much of background in my native culture. Also financial and resident issues were never a hardship I went through in my life. I know in fact my future family can stand in that position so I should always beware about these issues. Lastly I found out that culture is very important to each one of us because it represent who we are.
Monday, December 2, 2019
Internet History Essays (704 words) - Internet Protocols
Internet History In the early 1960's, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) became very concerned about the possible effects of nuclear attack on its computing facilities. As a result, it began to examine ways to connect their computers to each other and to weapons installations that were distributed all over the world. The DOD charged the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (now known as DARPA) to fund research that would lead to the creation of a worldwide network. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an experimental wide area network (WAN) that consisted of the four computers networked by DARPA researchers in 1969. These first four computers were located at the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI International, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. By 1990, a network of networks, now known as the Internet, had grown from the four computers on the ARPANET to over 300,000 computers on many interconnected networks. As ARPANET grew to include more computers, researchers realized the need for each connected computer to conform the same set of rules. The Network Control Protocol (NCP) was developed as the first collection of rules for formatting, ordering, and error-checking data sent across a network. Vincent Cerf, who is often referred to as the Father of the Internet, along with his colleague Robert Kahn, developed the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol (referred to by their combined acronym TCP/IP), which are still used today. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) includes rules that computers on a network use to establish and break connections. The Internet Protocol (IP) includes rules for routing individual data packets. The term Internet was first used in 1974 in an article written by Cerf and Kahn about the TCP protocol. The open architecture philosophy ensured that each network connected to the ARPANET could continue using its own protocols and data-transmission methods internally. Four key points characterized the open architecture philosophy: ? Independent networks should not require internal changes to be connected to the Internet. ? Packets that do not arrive at their destination must be retransmitted from their source network. ? Router computers do not retain information about the packets they handle. ? No global control will exist over the network. This lack of global control is perhaps one of the most amazing features of the Internet, considering the fact that the Internet began as a way for the military to maintain control while under attack. The Internet is a network of networks, as shown in my diagram. A network includes a network backbone, which is the long-distance lines and supporting technology that transports large amounts of data between major network nodes. Many of the networks that developed in the wake of the ARPANET eventually joined together into the Internet we know today. As PCs became more powerful, affordable, and available during the 1980s, firms increasingly used them to construct LANs. The term intranet is used to describe LANs or WANs that used the TCP/IP protocol but do not connect to sites outside the firm. Proir to 1989, most universities ans businesses could not communicate with people outside their local intranet. However, businesses soon wanted their employees to be able to communicate with people outside corporate LANs. Since the National Science Foundation (NSF) prohibited commercial network traffic on the networks it funded, businesses turned to commercial e-mail services. Larger firms built their own TCP/IP-based WANs that used leased telephone lines to connect field offices to corporate headquarters. As I continue I will show how the Internet evolved from a resource used primarily by the academic community to one that allows commercial services. In 1989, the NSF permitted two commercial e-mail services, MCI Mail and CompuServe, to establish limited connections to the Internet. These commercial providers allowed their subscribers to exchange e-mail messages with members of the academic and research communities who were connected to the Internet. These connections allowed commercial enterprises to send e-mail directly to Internet addresses and allowed members to research and education communities on the Internet to send e-mail directly to MCI Mail and CompuServe addresses. The NSF justified this limited commercial use of the Internet as a service that would primarily benefit the Internet's noncommercial users. In 1991, the NSF eased its restrictions on the Internet commercial activity and began implementing plans to eventually privatize much of the Internet. Businesses and individuals began to connect to the Internet in ever-increasing numbers. From 1991 there was almost one million to 1997 there were over twenty million.
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